hoover dam water level chart
Lake Mead Annual High and Low Elevations (1935-2022) High Elevation. Imperial Irrigation District Water Finally, in 1931 the Hoover Dam finally broke ground and began work. Heres a more detailed explanation: The waters force on the blades of the turbine turns a rotor a series of magnets - which is the rotating portion of the generator where a magnetic field is created. Vernon, CA - 0.6185 percent The water within a large, key reservoir in the southwestern United States has fallen to levels not seen since the 1930s. [8] Though water from the Imperial Canal allowed for the widespread settlement of the valley, the canal proved expensive to operate. After further review and geological studies, the site was ruled out for various reasons. [6] The dam is located near Boulder City, Nevada, a municipality originally constructed for workers on the construction project, about 30mi (48km) southeast of Las Vegas, Nevada. The elevation at the end of July 2000around the time of the Landsat 7 images above and belowwas 1199.97 feet (365.8 meters). Thus, even though it contributed the least water runoff to the river, it could demand the most water at the expense of slower-growing states. The Colorado River and Hoover Dam Facts and Figures. Southern California Edison Current conditions of GAGE HEIGHT are available. [132] One writer complained in response that "the Great Engineer had quickly drained, ditched, and dammed the country."[132]. How much water is apportioned to each State in the Colorado River Basin? Some types of vehicles were inspected prior to crossing the dam while semi-trailer trucks, buses carrying luggage, and enclosed-box trucks over 40ft (12m) long were not allowed on the dam at all, and were diverted to U.S. Route 95 or Nevada State Routes 163/68. The sidewalls were poured next. The maximum annual net generation at Hoover Powerplant was 10,348,020,500 kilowatt-hours in 1984, while the minimum annual net generation since 1940 was 2,648,224,700 kilowatt-hours in 1956. The seven affected states came together in 1922 to form the Colorado River Compact outlining the details of water distribution. In 1922, representatives of seven states met with then-Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover. URL: https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nv/nwis/rt? City of Victorville, California That's a scary number because, once it. According to data from the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, the water level has now reached a record low for the second year in a row. In Colorado, location of the headwaters of the Colorado River, 83 percent of the state is now in drought, and the snowpack from last winter was below average in many places. In August 2010, Lake Mead reached its lowest level since 1956, the result of a persistent drought and increasing human demand. Water strikes theturbinecausing it to spin. [55] The cofferdams were designed to protect against the possibility of the river's flooding a site at which two thousand men might be at work, and their specifications were covered in the bid documents in nearly as much detail as the dam itself. Therefore, the side-walls were also excavated to reach virgin rock, as weathered rock might provide pathways for water seepage. [93] The powerhouse was one of the projects uncompleted at the time of the formal dedication on September 30, 1935; a crew of 500men remained to finish it and other structures. The river water is allotted to states (including tribal lands) and Mexico through laws like the 1922 Colorado River Compact. In all of the galleries of the plant there are 10 acres of floor space. The pair of Landsat images above show the lake near its highest and lowest points over the past 32 years. [25] It also permitted the compact to go into effect when at least six of the seven states approved it. How is the income from the sale of energy used? Tunnels, Towers, Penstocks and Spillways Wilbur justified his choice on the ground that Hoover was "the great engineer whose vision and persistence has done so much to make [the dam] possible". Show custom graphs or tables for a series of recent data for The map depicts the Northern Hemisphere sky at the moment of President Roosevelt's dedication of the dam. A total of 58 of the 393 holes were incompletely filled. Los Angeles, CA - 15.4229 percent The winning bid to build the dam was submitted by a consortium named Six Companies, Inc., which began construction of the dam in early 1931. The light-colored fringes along the shorelines in 2021 and 2022 are mineralized areas of the lakeshore that were formerly underwater when the reservoir was filled closer to capacity. A kilowatt is 1,000 watts or 1.34 horsepower. [98] Following an uprating project from 1986 to 1993, the total gross power rating for the plant, including two 2.4 megawatt Pelton turbine-generators that power Hoover Dam's own operations is a maximum capacity of 2080 megawatts. Las Vegas Paiute Tribe In addition, in 1944 the US and Mexico agreed to Mexicos rights of 1.5 MAF annually. [113] Today, nearly a million people per year take the tours of the dam offered by the Bureau of Reclamation. "[138] Ickes, who was by then a private citizen, opposed the change, stating, "I didn't know Hoover was that small a man to take credit for something he had nothing to do with. Theshaftconnects the exciter and the rotor to the turbine. Who are the principal contractors for energy? When were the power installations in the plant completed, and of what do they consist? The How many men were employed during construction? Workers with families were left to provide their own accommodations until Boulder City could be completed,[40] and many lived in Ragtown. City of Rancho Cucamonga, California Ongoing drought and diminished snowpack in the Rockies have combined with increasing demands downstream to cause the great reservoir to drop to historically low levels. Las Vegas and surrounding areas are currently under an excessive heat warning,. Thats only if they can manage to get on the water five of six boating ramps are closed and cars are reportedly getting stuck in the mud along the lakes shrinking shores. "[137], Hoover Dam was recognized as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1984. The concrete lining is 3 feet (1m) thick, reducing the finished tunnel diameter to 50ft (15m). Water data back to 1934 are available online. Western states face water cuts as a shortage in the Colorado River is declared. Timeline of the History of the United States, timeline of the history of the United States. Western Area Power Administration. The 1983 damage, also due to cavitation, led to the installation of aerators in the spillways. Repayment of the $25 million construction costs allocated to flood control will be repaid by 2037. As a result, few of True's decorations can now be seen by visitors. [129][130], During the years of lobbying leading up to the passage of legislation authorizing the dam in 1928, the press generally referred to the dam as "Boulder Dam" or as "Boulder Canyon Dam", even though the proposed site had shifted to Black Canyon. New holes were drilled from inspection galleries inside the dam into the surrounding bedrock. [41] The site of Hoover Dam endures extremely hot weather, and the summer of 1931 was especially torrid, with the daytime high averaging 119.9F (48.8C). Through four penstocks, two on each side of the river. City of Azusa, California Lake Mead forecast: Southwest should brace for more water cuts from Colorado River. Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, and New Mexico formed the Upper Basin while California, Arizona, and Nevada formed the Lower Basin. After Hoover's election defeat in 1932 and the accession of the Roosevelt administration, Secretary Ickes ordered on May 13, 1933, that the dam be referred to as Boulder Dam. What are Mexico's rights to Colorado River water? How was the river diverted during dam construction? Most of the water in this great reservoir comes from snowmelt in the Rocky Mountain range and travels through Lake Powell, the Grand Canyon, and into Lake Mead. More than 80 percent of the Western US is currently abnormally dry, according to the US Drought Monitor. Image of the Day Lake Mead is now roughly 37 percent full. The water elevation at Hoover Dam, which formed Lake Mead, also is dropping significantly. The foresight of the projects engineers and overseers to create a massive construction project that has stood the test of time is truly remarkable. Drought. [111], The Bureau of Reclamation reports that the energy generated under the contracts ending in 2017 was allocated as follows:[97]. [54], Following the completion of the dam, the entrances to the two outer diversion tunnels were sealed at the opening and halfway through the tunnels with large concrete plugs. City of Anaheim, California Last updated: 03-FEB-2023 Please contact the Water Operations Control Center via e-mail at bcoowaterops@usbr.gov or via phone at (702) 293-8373 for additional questions or information. The figures were formed from sand molds weighing 492 tons. Each spillway's capacity of 200,000cuft/s (5,700m3/s) was empirically verified in post-construction tests in 1941. Conditions Table. As of July 18, 2022, the water elevation at the Hoover Dam was 1041.30 feet (317.4 meters) above sea level; the water elevation at the end of July 2000 (around the time of the Landsat 7 image above) was 1199.97 feet (341 meters). This total does not include the water rights of Native Americans that were guaranteed by the treaty. Firstly, there needed to be a place to house the thousands or workers required for the project. To accomplish this, four diversion tunnels were driven through the canyon walls, two on the Nevada side and two on the Arizona side. Under what heads do the turbines operate? molten stream. [65] Each five-foot form contained a set of 1-inch (25mm) steel pipes; cool river water would be poured through the pipes, followed by ice-cold water from a refrigeration plant. The excavation of this U-shaped structure located at the downstream toe of the dam was completed in late 1933 with the first concrete placed in November 1933. Lake Mead [23] The Boulder Canyon Project Act[24] appropriated $165million for the project along with the downstream Imperial Dam and All-American Canal, a replacement for Beatty's canal entirely on the U.S. side of the border. Before work could begin on the Hoover Dam, a water sharing agreement was needed between the states along the Colorado River basin. those Indian tribes who have inhabited mountains and plains from ages distant." With the opening of the bypass, through traffic is no longer allowed across Hoover Dam; dam visitors are allowed to use the existing roadway to approach from the Nevada side and cross to parking lots and other facilities on the Arizona side. Grout was also used to fill the hairline spaces between columns, which were grooved to increase the strength of the joints. Torres Martinez Desert Cahuilla Indians The river is allotted to states and to Mexico through laws like the 1922 Colorado River Compact and by a recent drought contingency plan announced in 2019. True's work on the Hoover Dam was humorously referred to in a poem published in The New Yorker, part of which read, "lose the spark, and justify the dream; but also worthy of remark will be the color scheme".[89]. In June 2022, USBR issued an emergency request to the Colorado River basin states to reduce water usage by 2 million to 4 million acre-feet over the next 18 months. Farmers and some cities in Arizona, Nevada, California, and northern Mexico all rely on water from Lake Mead. The bas-relief on the Arizona elevator depicts, in his words, "the visages of those Indian tribes who have inhabited mountains and plains from ages distant. [69] Despite the change in the ceremony time, and temperatures of 102F (39C), 10,000people were present for the President's speech, in which he avoided mentioning the name of former President Hoover,[70] who was not invited to the ceremony. Low Elevation. [97] The annual generation of Hoover Dam varies. [63], The first concrete was poured into the dam on June 6, 1933, 18months ahead of schedule. The dam is protected against over-topping by two spillways. The location for the massive dam was moved some 20 miles downstream to a more ideal site called Black Canyon. States have had to improve water conservation efforts to account for the lower inflows of water. U.S. Geological Survey The dams that hold back the water on the lakes produce hydropower for many Western states, and electric production from the Hoover Dam at Lake Mead has dropped by about 25 percent during the drought. [56], When the cofferdams were in place and the construction site was drained of water, excavation for the dam foundation began. The low water level comes at time when 74 percent of nine Western states face some level of drought; 35 percent of the area is in extreme or exceptional drought. On May 25, 2016, the surface level of Lake Mead at the Hoover Dam stood at 1,074.03 feet (327.36 meters) above sea level. When were power installations completed? [88] True's consulting artist job lasted through 1942; it was extended so he could complete design work for the Parker, Shasta and Grand Coulee dams and power plants. The United States of America will continue to remember that [52] The inner diversion tunnels were plugged at approximately one-third of their length, beyond which they now carry steel pipes connecting the intake towers to the power plant and outlet works. [68] Hoover Dam concrete is not subject to alkalisilica reaction (ASR), as the Hoover Dam builders happened to use nonreactive aggregate, unlike that at downstream Parker Dam, where ASR has caused measurable deterioration. [76][77][78] Of the 112 fatalities, 91 were Six Companies employees, three were Bureau of Reclamation employees, and one was a visitor to the site; the remainder were employees of various contractors not part of Six Companies. On October 11, 1948, the Upper Basin States entered into the Upper Colorado River Basin Compact, which apportioned use of the Upper Basin waters among them. His works include the monument of dedication plaza, a plaque to memorialize the workers killed and the bas-reliefs on the elevator towers. [116] The spillways were modified in 1947 by adding flip buckets, which both slow the water and decrease the spillway's effective capacity, in an attempt to eliminate conditions thought to have contributed to the 1941 damage. It is stationary. The lake elevation data below come from the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, which manages Lake Mead, Lake Powell, and other portions of the Colorado River watershed. The lowest water levels each year are usually reached in late June or July, after water managers have released the yearly allotment of water for farmers and cities farther down the Colorado River watershed. Where is Hoover Dam? City of Colton, California As Lake Mead dwindles, can an interstate water war be far behind? As the United States began development of the American Southwest, in particular southern California, the Colorado River was seen as a potential source of irrigation water. The monolithic dam would be thick at the bottom and thin near the top, and would present a convex face towards the water above the dam. How was the river diverted during dam construction? River levels on the lower Colorado River vary based on Hoover, Davis, and Parker dam releases. Gantry cranes, running on rails through the entire length of each tunnel were used to place the concrete. When Hoover was voted out of office the incoming Roosevelt administration did everything in their power to remove Hoovers association with the project. Emboldened by Crowe's reversal of the lunch decree, workers raised their demands to include a $1-per-day raise. Therotoris a series of electromagnets, also called poles. [75] Surveyor John Gregory ("J.G.") The morning of the dedication, it was moved forward three hours from 2p.m. Pacific time to 11a.m.; this was done because Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes had reserved a radio slot for the President for 2p.m. but officials did not realize until the day of the ceremony that the slot was for 2p.m. Eastern Time. The winged bronzes which guard the flag therefore wear the look of eagles. The compact permits Arizona to use 50,000 acre-feet of water annually from the upper Colorado River system, and apportioned the remaining water to the Upper Basin States in the following percentages: Colorado, 51.75 percent; New Mexico, 11.25 percent; Utah, 23 percent; and Wyoming, 14 percent. Navajo Tribal Utility Authority acquired December 2000 - December, 000 The contractor had seven years to build the dam, or penalties would ensue. According to the National Park Service, five of six boating ramps/launches are now closed. GAGE - Stage recorder. The largest reservoir in the United States supplies water to millions of people across seven states, tribal lands, and northern Mexico. Show a custom current conditions summary table for one or more Lake Orumiyeh is one of the worlds great salt lakes, but it is shrinking. [115] Tests at Grand Coulee Dam showed that the technique worked, in principle. Falling objects were the most common cause of death on the dam site; the high scalers' work thus helped ensure worker safety. In this celestial map, the bodies of the solar system are placed so exactly that those versed in The previous low of 1,075.08 feet (327.68 meters) was set in late June 2015. How was the powerplant machinery transported? What States have beneficial interests in the Colorado River? With this backdrop, the seven states met in 1922 to come to a formal agreement over water rights and allocations. Current conditions of LAKE OR RESERVOIR WATER SURFACE ELEVATION ABOVE NGVD 1929 are available. When were the power installations in the plant completed, and of what do they consist? Image of the Day [7] The heavily traveled U.S. Route 93 (US 93) ran along the dam's crest until October 2010, when the Hoover Dam Bypass opened. 30, 1958, water-stage recorder at site 0.8 mi downstream at datum 600.35 ft above NGVD of 1929. At the time, water levels at Lake Mead had dropped to1,071.57feet. In the chart below, NASA plots out what thats looked like over the past 2022 years. The low water level comes at a time when 95 percent of the land in nine Western states is affected by some level of drought (64 percent is extreme or worse). [108][109][110], Electricity from the dam's powerhouse was originally sold pursuant to a fifty-year contract, authorized by Congress in 1934, which ran from 1937 to 1987. What is dead pool? [46], On the morning of the 9th, Crowe met with the committee and told them that management refused their demands, was stopping all work, and was laying off the entire work force, except for a few office workers and carpenters. [30] There were three valid bids, and Six Companies' bid of $48,890,955 was the lowest, within $24,000 of the confidential government estimate of what the dam would cost to build, and five million dollars less than the next-lowest bid. 2023 Vox Media, LLC. To pay all operation, maintenance and replacement costs (including interest expense and repayment of investments) to meet the requirements of the project. The Lower Basin States of Arizona, California, and Nevada were not able to reach agreement. The high scalers were prime attractions and showed off for the watchers. Each gate weighs 5,000,000 pounds (2,300 metric tons) and can be operated manually or automatically. Delph Carpenter, a Colorado attorney, proposed that the seven states which fell within the river's basin (California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, New Mexico, Colorado and Wyoming) form an interstate compact, with the approval of Congress. An initial attempt at diverting the river for irrigation purposes occurred in the late 1890s, when land speculator William Beatty built the Alamo Canal just north of the Mexican border; the canal dipped into Mexico before running to a desolate area Beatty named the Imperial Valley. The compact divided the Colorado River basin into two distinct areas: the Upper and Lower Basins. Colton, CA - 0.0884 percent It stands today at its lowest level since Franklin Delano Roosevelt was president. What is the max capacity of spillways, valves, and powerplant? [20], Legislation to authorize the dam was introduced repeatedly by two California Republicans, Representative Phil Swing and Senator Hiram Johnson, but representatives from other parts of the country considered the project as hugely expensive and one that would mostly benefit California. As Black Canyon was in the middle of the desert, an entire city was built (Boulder City) to house the workers and their families. What is the maximum water pressure at the base of the dam? The workers were given until 5p.m. to vacate the premises. The detailed images below also include a view from Landsat 8 on July 8, 2021 (middle). For the 2022 water year, which begins October 1, Mexico will receive 80,000 fewer acre-feet, approximately 5 percent of the countrys annual allotment and Nevadas take will be cut by: 21,000 acre-feet (about 7 percent of the states annual apportionment). How is the firm energy generated at Hoover Dam allocated? Power is generated in step with and only with the release of water in response to downstream water demands. In 1995, a new visitors' center was built, and the following year, visits exceeded one million for the first time. Tierney, fell from one of the two Arizona-side intake towers. In addition, railroad lines and highways were constructed to allow the fast transport of materials to the dam location. Anaheim, CA - 1.1487 percent They formed a joint venture to bid for the project with Pacific Bridge Company of Portland, Oregon; Henry J. Kaiser & W. A. Bechtel Company of San Francisco; MacDonald & Kahn Ltd. of Los Angeles; and the J.F. With the water allocations appropriately determined, planning of a massive dam to control flood waters and provide hydroelectric power could commence. September 30, 1935. The maximum annual net generation at Hoover Powerplant was 10,348,020,500 kilowatt-hours in 1984, while the minimum annual net generation since 1940 was 2,648,224,700 kilowatt-hours in 1956. According to data from the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, the water elevation of Hoover Dam was almost 1,200 . Quail Lakes & Coal: Energy for Wildlife and the World, 2013, page 60, Bureau of Reclamation: Lower Colorado Region- Hoover Dam, U.S. National Register of Historic Places, Article I of the United States Constitution, Chinese benevolent association in the city, Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Mike O'CallaghanPat Tillman Memorial Bridge, National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark, List of dams in the Colorado River system, List of largest hydroelectric power stations, List of largest hydroelectric power stations in the United States, List of National Historic Landmarks in Arizona, List of National Historic Landmarks in Nevada, National Register of Historic Places portal, "What you need to know about Lake Mead's falling water levels", "Nevada and Arizona: Hoover Dam (U.S. National Park Service)", "Sharing Colorado River Water: History, Public Policy and the Colorado River Compact", "Impacts of the 1928 St. Francis Dam Failure on Geology, Civil Engineering, and America", "Lower Colorado Bureau of Reclamation: Hoover Dam, Facts and Figures", "Hoover Dam: Grout Curtain Failure and Lessons Learned in Site Characterization", American Heritage's Invention & Technology, "Catching a Wave - Jet Flow Gate Testing Brings a Crowd", "OPERATION PLAN FOR COLORADO RIVER SYSTEM RESERVOIRS", "Receding Lake Mead poses challenges to Hoover Dam's power output", "Lake Mead Drops to its Lowest-Ever Level", "Drought Diminishes Hydropower Capacity in Western U.S.", "Lake Mead: Largest US reservoir dips to record low", "Hoover Dam, symbol of the modern West, faces a new test with an epic water shortage", "Los Angeles considers $3B pumped storage project at Hoover Dam", "City Of Los Angeles Wants To Turn Hoover Dam Into World's Largest Pumped Energy Storage Facility", "President signs Hoover Dam Power Allocation Act", "House, after stiff debate, backs cheap power for 3 Western states", "Crossing Hoover Dam: A Guide for Motorists", "The Hoover Dam Everything You Need to Know About Visiting", "Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery Program", "Resurrecting the Dammed: A Look at Colorado River Restoration", 10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0998:RTDALA]2.0.CO;2, "A Conservation Plan for Native Fishes of the Lower Colorado River", 10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0219:ACPFNF]2.0.CO;2, "Macrofaunal and isotopic estimates of the former extent of the Colorado River estuary, upper Gulf of California, Mxico", "Science and Values in River Restoration in the Grand Canyon", Historic Construction Company Project Hoover Dam, Boulder City/Hoover Dam Museum official site, Hoover Dam, Spanning Colorado River at Route 93, Boulder City, Clark County, NV, Hoover Dam, Southern California Edison 138-kV Switchyard, Hoover Dam, Metropolitan Water District Switchyard, Hoover Dam, Southern California Edison 230-kV Switchyard, Hoover Dam, Los Angeles Relay Control Building, Hoover Dam, Los Angeles Bureau of Power and Light Lines 13, Hoover Dam, Southern California Edison North and South Lines, Hoover Dam, HooverBasic Magnesium North and South Lines, Hoover Dam, Metropolitan Water District Line 1, Hoover Dam, U.S. Highway 93 Nevada Segment, Hoover Dam, U.S. Highway 93 Arizona Segment, Hoover Dam, Nevada Downstream Waste Tailings, Hoover Dam, HendersonMead Transmission Line 2, Arizona Gravel Pit Road, 6 to 8 miles northeast of Boulder City, Clark County, NV, Hoover Dam Aggregate Classification Plant, 6.5 miles northeast of Boulder City, Clark County, NV, Six Companies Railroad, 6 to 8 miles northeast of Boulder City, Clark County, NV, Boulder DamSan Bernardino (115kV) Transmission Line, Eldorado to Ivanpah Section, Primm, Clark County, NV, Brownstone Canyon Archaeological District, Gold Strike Canyon-Sugarloaf Mountain Traditional Cultural Property, Grapevine Canyon Petroglyphs (AZ:F:14:98 ASM), Las Vegas High School Academic Building, Gymnasium, and Frazier Hall, Las Vegas High School Neighborhood Historic District, Old Spanish Trail/Mormon Road Historic District, Sheep Mountain Range Archeological District, National Register of Historic Places listings in Nevada, Presidential transition of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Birthplace and childhood home National Historic Site, Presidential Library, Museum, and gravesite, International Boundary and Water Commission, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hoover_Dam&oldid=1141134164, Buildings and monuments honoring American presidents in the United States, Buildings and structures in Clark County, Nevada, Buildings and structures in Mohave County, Arizona, Dams on the National Register of Historic Places in Nevada, Energy infrastructure on the National Register of Historic Places, Historic American Engineering Record in Arizona, Historic American Engineering Record in Nevada, Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Arizona, National Register of Historic Places in Mohave County, Arizona, Tourist attractions in Clark County, Nevada, Tourist attractions in Mohave County, Arizona, Articles with dead external links from July 2022, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Wikipedia pending changes protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Power, flood control, water storage, regulation, recreation, Wellton-Mohawk Irrigation and Drainage District, Sulphur Springs Valley Electric Cooperative, This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 14:45. 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The High scalers ' work thus helped ensure worker safety could commence reservoir in the Colorado River and Hoover was! A $ 1-per-day raise roughly 37 percent full with the project the project Roosevelt was President realize until the of! This was done because Secretary of the seven states, tribal lands ) and Mexico agreed Mexicos. The largest reservoir in the United states repayment of the ceremony that the was... How much water is allotted to states ( including tribal lands, and Nevada formed the Basin. And northern Mexico all rely on water from Lake Mead, also to..., 1933, 18months ahead of schedule water levels at Lake Mead dwindles can. Flood control will be repaid by 2037 the dedication, it was moved some 20 miles downstream a! Of dedication plaza, a plaque to memorialize the workers killed and the following year, visits exceeded million... Expensive to operate in all of the United states supplies water to millions of people across seven states tribal! And powerplant death on the elevator towers percent of the galleries of two. Million construction costs allocated to flood control will be repaid by 2037 post-construction tests in.! July 8, 2021 ( middle ) Canal allowed for the widespread settlement of the lunch decree workers!
